
COMMITTEES

International Monetary Fund
(IMF)
Founded by the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944, the International Monetary Fund serves as the lender of last resort to distressed countries, promoting financial stability globally. Created to promote international monetary cooperation, the IMF does so by providing policy advice, financial assistance and technical support to member states while facilitating global trade and exchange rate stability. Notably, the IMF played a pivotal stabilising role during financial crises, such as the Global Financial Crisis in 1998.
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The IMF's operations are underpinned by Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), which play a crucial role in both the IMF's governance and the financial resources available to countries. Whilst the IMF's governance structure intends to reflect the relative significance of member economies, it was also intended to promote equity and inclusion for all its member countries.
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As Executive Directors of the IMF, you will helm the Fund through uncertain economic waters, stabilising uncertain and volatile markets globally.

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The 17th General Review of Quotas
Occurring only once every five years, the General Review of Quotas marks a critical juncture in the assessment of the IMF’s decision-making structure and funding capacity. Emerging economies and leading economists frequently criticise the IMF's quota shares distribution — arguing that it unfairly favours advanced economies, and is unrepresentative of emerging economies' contributions. At SMUN 2025, the Executive Board of the IMF will study an intricate formula last calibrated nearly two decades ago, in an attempt to increase fairness and improve the formula's allocative efficiency.
However, adjusting this complex formula requires careful consideration — changes to one variable may trigger a compounding ripple effect, triggering greater changes than one expected. Adding, or removing certain variables have their own far-reaching consequences, of which will be deliberated in council. As Executive Directors of the IMF, you shall be responsible for proposing reforms to ensure a fair and representative system while addressing the evolving dynamics of a global economy.
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The Question Monetary Sovereignty and CBDCs
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With the rapid ascent of digital currencies, there has been an increasing interest in Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) — fiat currencies with the potential to revolutionise how society consumes, saves, and spends money. However, they have also been met with skepticism of both their impact on consumer privacy and central banks’ monetary policy.
CBDCs, one of the key frontier areas in financial technology, are both empowered and undermined by their advanced technology. Blockchain and distributed ledgers provide central banks with precise and targeted tools to conduct monetary policy — ensuring more forceful and targeted interventions. However, their real-time capabilities also allow central banks to monitor transactions in real time, raising concerns about consumer privacy and security. Therefore, the need to balance innovation and regulation is highly imperative, ensuring that CBDCs support, rather than disrupt, economic growth and stability in the long term.


United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
Since its establishment in 1947, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. For decades, it has served as a multilateral platform to facilitate greater economic integration and cooperation among its member states and promote sustainable development, deliberating matters pertaining to environmental policy, extractive industries, urban development and land use, smart cities, and energy. With representatives from its 56 member states meeting annually to discuss European economic matters, the UNECE contributes to enhancing the effectiveness of the UN through the regional implementation of outcomes of UN conferences and summits.
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In the UNECE, delegates should expect to undergo rigorous yet fruitful debate on the issues of today that intertwine greatly with the prospect of Europe’s economy. Will you be ready for brilliance? Join UNECE now to find out.
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The Question of Management of Transboundary Water Resources
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The management of transboundary water resources play a significant role in geopolitical relations within the Pan-European region. Transboundary water resources under the UNECE are addressed through its efforts to promote cooperative management and the sustainable use of water resources that cross national boundaries. These efforts are guided by the 1992 Helsinki Water Convention, which was initially limited to the UNECE, but is now open to all UN member states since 2016. As the Earth’s climate deteriorates and atmospheric temperature increases exponentially, transboundary water resources are greatly affected. Water quality, quantity and the timing of flow regimes are altered. Upstream countries build hydropower dams, negatively affecting downstream countries, causing territorial disputes in the Pan-European region to worsen. It is now up to the member states in the UNECE to cooperate with each other to mitigate and also adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change on transboundary water resources.
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The Question of Management of Extractive Industries
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Extractive industries have long been a key driving force of economic growth and structural development in nations. However, some countries' overreliance on extractive industries have begun to take a toll on their GDP, harming a nation instead of benefiting them, while other countries are burdened by weakened and underdeveloped extractive industries that are unable to prosper.
Nations have begun to look beyond the economic benefits of their extractive industry, with calls to take a deeper interest into the negative environmental impacts of extractive industries. Thus, a delicate balance has to be struck between maintaining a profitable extractive industry and regulating their environmental impact.
While the economic and environmental aspects of an extractive industry is pertinent in this current world, it should also not be the sole focus for nations. The decline of many extractive industries is closely linked to the governments' failure to address the social issues present, and delegates of the UNECE will work together to untangle these complex issues.

United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)
Originally established in 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs, the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) aims to achieve the ultimate goal of general and complete disarmament through robust international regulation. In a world where cutting-edge technology transcends the bounds of weapons of mass destruction, the UNODA stands at the forefront of global efforts as a beacon of peace and progress.
Committed to de-escalating threats before they spiral into regional or global crises, the UNODA facilitates transparent dialogues and reviews to curb weapons proliferation within its dynamic mandate. Yet, with rising geopolitical tensions and conflicts, disagreements will come to light as countries' sovereign interests collide.
With high-octane topics ranging from autonomous to biological weapons, delegates shall treated to the experience of high-stakes discourses guided by diplomacy, where even the smallest oversight can wreak havoc. Will weapons of war be abolished before they abolish humanity? Only time will tell.

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The Question of Autonomous Weapons Systems
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In recent decades, rapid advancements in machine learning and computation have revolutionised military strategy. With this, a new frontier in warfare has emerged: autonomous weapons systems. These, as defined by the ICRC, are capable of selecting and engaging targets without human intervention, transcending traditional boundaries of conflict.
Nonetheless, this innovation comes at a cost. The integration of algorithms into warfare has raised ethical and legal dilemmas, as these systems may struggle to uphold jus in bello, particularly the distinction between civilians and combatants. Humanitarian organisations have sounded the alarm, calling for a moratorium on their use, but to no avail.
Delegates must rise to the challenge: to define the boundaries of an autonomous weapon system and to draft actionable solutions that prioritise the protection of rights in conflict. The time has come to advocate for the sanctity of civilian life and to prevent warfare from being dictated by indiscriminate robots.
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The 10th Review of the Biological Weapons Convention
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In the 20th century, biology unlocked the potential to weaponise life itself. Thereon, a new form of warfare was born, transcending bombs and bullets to embrace invisible threats. This threat remained untamed until the adoption of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1972.
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Today, the BWC, recognised as customary international law with widespread ratification, faces mounting challenges. The absence of verification and inspection protocols in the treaty places oversight in the control of the signatories, creating a moral hazard for states. Moreover, the nebulous dual-use nature of biotechnology research complicates enforcement: biological weapons research is almost indistinguishable from conventional biological research in medicine or public health.
With no clear framework to differentiate between legitimate scientific work and malicious intent, enforcement of the BWC is ineffective: can a convention regulate a field where innovation often outpaces oversight? Delegates should take this into consideration, and act to save the world from the threat of a biological apocalypse.

World Trade Organisation (WTO)
The World Trade Organisation (WTO), founded in 1995, is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and serves as the leading international organisation for global trade agreements and policies. The WTO operates a global system of trade rules through its legally binding charter, acts as a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settles trade disputes between member states and supports the needs of developing countries.
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Unlike other worldwide financial institutes, power within the WTO is not delegated to a board of directors or the organisation’s head. Instead, the biennial Ministerial Conference, acts as the highest decision making body, where representatives from all member states must reach a consensus before any legally binding decisions are made.
In this increasingly fraught and uncertain 21st century, the future of trade and the global economy as we know it lies in your hands

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The Question of Trade Distortions by State-owned Enterprises
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State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are pivotal economic actors, particularly in countries where governments leverage them to advance developmental, or strategic objectives. However, their dual role as public entities and market competitors often sparks contention in global trade. Practices such as preferential subsidies, regulatory leniencies, or monopolistic advantages afforded to SOEs undermine equitable competition and create imbalances in global markets
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Within the WTO, addressing such trade distortions has become a contentious yet incumbent undertaking. While instruments like the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures provide a preliminary framework, the rising prominence and convolution of SOEs necessitate further refinement of global trade norms.
Competing priorities lie ahead: safeguarding the fairness of global markets, respecting the policy autonomy of sovereign nations, and reconciling divergent economic systems. The overarching challenge of recalibrating multilateral trade rules to a shifting global landscape persists, and delegates must manoeuvre through this changing environment.
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The Question of National Security in Trade
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In today’s fraught geopolitical environment, international trade is increasingly viewed not just as an economic exchange but also as an essential pillar of national security. Coupled with protectionism, these fears have translated into a growing number of member-states invoking national security exemptions under Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This marks a significant departure from the long-standing norm, where such exemptions were rarely invoked and considered exceptions, which has held for decades
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On one hand, the WTO must respect the sovereignty of member-states to impose trade restrictions on purely security grounds, upholding its institutional credibility. However, the WTO must also balance this with the need to prevent a slide into unilateralism and abuse where exceptions become the rules.
Much is at stake here, and failing to do so may prove devastating to both international trade and the global economy.

Group of 20 (G20)
Founded in 1999 after the Asian Financial Crisis, the Group of 20 (G20) started off as a deliberative body for finance ministers to discuss global economic and financial issues, which evolved into a high-level meeting for global leaders to foster international economic cooperation and coordinate multilateral policies on global issues.
Consisting of twenty of the world’s most advanced economies, the G20 was created to focus on macroeconomic problems, but gradually expanded their area of work to tackle the world’s pressing issues, including climate change, energy, and anti-corruption.
With an increasingly divided world, and the advent of a worsening climate and technological advancements, the future of the world is more at stake than ever. Coupled with recent developments in the G20’s member states, will the world's largest economies stay abreast of the current issues that plague the world, or drown in the sea of uncertainty?

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The Question of Shadow Banking
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Shadow banks are non-bank credit intermediation financial entities that profoundly influence a country's economy and financial derivatives. Shadow banks are estimated to hold over US$63 trillion in various financial assets in 2022, making up over 78% of global GDP. Their procyclical effects exacerbate the boom and bust cycle of developing and developed economies, with their enormous financial power aiding in booms but exiting suddenly during crises such as the financial crisis of 2008. Furthermore, shadow banking has enabled complex financial derivatives like credit default swaps, collateralised debt obligations, and repurchase agreements (repos) to continue contributing to an ever-increasing interconnected web of risk without the knowledge of regulators. As delegates in the G20, you must carefully navigate these problems with shadow banking, ensuring that regulations reduce these risks to the global financial system. All of this whilst balancing the effects regulation would have on the growth prospects of your own countries.
​The Question of Energy Development in the Global South
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Energy access is one of the most urgent challenges facing the Global South, where millions lack reliable electricity, and economies are stifled by outdated infrastructure and insufficient investment. As the world transitions to clean energy, developing nations face mounting barriers — rising costs, technological divides, and geopolitical pressures that threaten to leave them behind. Under the dual-track mechanism, delegates must balance sustainability, economic growth, and equitable financing while navigating complex negotiations on renewable energy, global governance, and energy equity. The stakes are high, the future uncertain, and the world is watching. Now is the time to act, how we power the world today will determine who will be in power tomorrow.
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Historical European Council (2008)
(HEUCO)
The European Council (EUCO) is the body of the European Union that defines the political direction and priorities of the 27 Member States of the European Union. While important, EUCO has suffered much criticism over matters such as its passivity to its democratic deficit. As a consensus-based council, the EUCO is known for demanding compromise — or as some might put it, deadlock. Heading into a turbulent future, Council members will have to rise above the discord and by any means necessary, find a way to steer the world’s most important continent in the correct direction.

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Re-examining the Treaty of Lisbon
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The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on the 13th of December 2007 in a bid to reform the institutional framework of the European Union, adapting it to its enlarging size. However, the Treaty is at an impasse. Many member states have begun commenting on the lack of transparency and perceived democratic deficit within the formulation of the treaty, with some also concerned about their sovereignty in foreign policy direction. Members will have to navigate through the treacherous waters of international diplomacy, advocating for your own countries' interests while keeping open to compromise, especially in an environment that demands consensus.
The Question of the Legacy of Colonialism
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Several member states of the European Union were historic superpowers with storied pasts, yet one issue that has long been hidden from public view is the colonial history of European nations, and their legacies. In a post-colonial world where former colonies have emerged as independent states and potential partners, the matter of reconciling past actions and bridging relations with former colonies has never been more vital to maintaining the legitimacy of Europe. As new global superpowers embark on militarisation efforts, the ability of the EU to respond meaningfully is under question. All eyes are on the European Council, as they convene to decide the political direction of the EU, and most likely, its future.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
(SCO)
First conceived from the Shanghai Five in 2001, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation now brings together member states from across Eurasia, representing some 20% of the Earth’s total land area and 40% of its population, including its two most populous nations. Large natural gas and oil fields bedaub its members’ landscapes, lining the historical Silk Road — history's central conduit for commerce and cultural exchange between the East and West.
Today, the SCO once again stands at the crossroads of great powers. As the global geopolitical equilibrium continues to shift, observers increasingly look to the SCO as a counterbalance to the contemporary world order — its unspoken raison d’être.
A united front is more crucial than ever, even as lingering tension and distrust between states threaten to pierce the veil of stability it espouses. The SCO's dream of a multipolar world is no more certain than its own place among those poles.

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Dynamic Agenda
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There is no singular definition of the SCO’s purview. Earlier treaties focused on border security and military cooperation, while its latest activities run the gamut from economic to social and cultural initiatives. For it to be truly regarded as a stabilising force across Eurasia, delegates must prove the SCO capable of projecting unity, moderating discordant national interests, and delivering tangible outcomes. Failure could cost it and its member states their relevance, and imperil long-term stability in the region.
The nations of the SCO form a contiguous landmass, much like other prominent regional organisations; what happens in one member state can easily spill over to the next, triggering a domino effect that renders one's issue everyone’s issue. Delegates must act decisively no matter what comes their way — and fast. Inaction is costly, and indecision is fatal. The world watches on; are you up for the challenge?


House of Representatives (Japan)
(HRJ)
Established in 1947, the House of Representatives of Japan, also known as Shūgiin, is the lower and more powerful house of the National Diet. Throughout the past decades, the House of Representatives has been working on solving issues regarding Japanese society, and bettering their governance for the Japanese people.
With 465 members, the House of Representatives has a significant influence on the military and social aspects of Japan, particularly in the post-World War II era where the Japanese government established a pacifist clause. This clause renounces Japan’s commitment to the sovereign right of belligerency and aims to promote international peace and order. To these ends, the House of Representatives has played a crucial role in shaping Japan’s international outlook. Representatives, will the future of Japan continue to flourish in your hands, or will it falter like the fading echoes of the past empires?
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The Question of Military Policy
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Following Japan's defeat in World War II, the beleaguered nation was forced to renounce war as a sovereign right in its new constitution. Article 9, in particular, prohibited the country from maintaining any war potential. Yet, the concept of a country with absolutely no military is unconsciable today — the country ended up establishing a Self-Defense Force, but it continues to operate in a legal grey area.
Times have greatly changed since the post-war optimism of 1945. The country's allies in the Western world now expect it to spend more on its defence. Regional instability in Asia has reached an all-time high. Clearly, the status quo of Japanese military policy cannot remain. Representatives will have to re-examine the role of Article 9 in its military policy and find ways to please its allies on defence spending, all while trying to convince a pacifist public still reluctant to come to terms with Japan's militaristic past.
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The Question of Societal Preservation
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Japan is in crisis. In 2017, almost 30 percent of the country’s total population was aged 65 and above, with Japan’s total population estimated to decline from 126 million in 2018 to 102 million by 2050. With the declining population, Japan faces a host of challenges — a shrinking workforce, rising healthcare costs, and even more pressure on their social security systems. Following its current course, Japan is set to fall deeper into economic stagnation, perpetuating the vicious cycle wherein the high costs of living discourage families from having children, further exacerbating the fertility decline.
Pursuantly, immigration has also emerged as a contentious but necessary consideration, because opening its doors to foreigners could very well address labour shortages and support its aging population, improving economic productivity and sustaining essential industries. However, it also raises questions about societal integration and cultural preservation in a historically homogeneous nation that has been hesitant to embrace large-scale immigration.
Representatives will have to debate these interconnected issues with careful consideration of economic, social, and demographic implications, seeking solutions that balance immediate economic needs with long-term societal stability.

United Nations Security Council
(UNSC)

As the only organ of the United Nations empowered with the authority to enact legally-binding decisions, the Security Council has an indispensable role in the world order. Established as a bastion of international peace and security, the UNSC has a crucial function in peacekeeping, conflict intervention and protecting civilians from extensive harm and suffering. Yet since its inception, the Security Council has been mired in backlash and controversy for its inaction towards ostensible breaches of international law and peace, largely owing to the lack of unanimity between its permanent members. From Arria-formula Meetings to specialised substantive procedures, delegates must navigate both the complex mechanics at their disposal and the web of geopolitical interests at play to uphold the hallowed mandate of the Security Council. For the delegates who wish to test their diplomatic mettle amidst the nuances of international law and various sovereign interests, the UNSC awaits you.
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The Question of Reforming the UN Peacekeeping Dogma
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The UN's peacekeeping doctrine has long grappled with the tension between state sovereignty and effectiveness. Enshrined in the UN Charter, sovereignty remains a key principle that is increasingly being tested in modern conflicts. The principles that govern peacekeeping were primarily designed for traditional inter-state conflicts. Yet, today's crises often involve non-state actors, fragmented authority, and humanitarian emergencies that demand immediate action. Consequently, the effectiveness of these missions are called into question. Strict adherence to sovereignty can hinder timely interventions, while any deviation may erode trust in the UN's neutrality. In light of this, delegates of the Security Council must now reassess whether the existing frameworks can adapt to contemporary threats without undermining the legitimacy and foundational principles of UN peacekeeping.
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The Question of the Syrian Civil War
The Arab Spring protests in 2011 in Syria catalysed a violent civil war that lasted over a decade, causing its citizens to see the worst of military violence. For over a decade, armed opposition militias warred against the Syrian Government, causing the civil war to be characterised as the "worst man-made disaster since WWII" by the UN. Over the years, the prowess of the Turkish and American-backed rebel forces continued to burgeon, while the Assad regime’s structural deficits and its overreliance on Russia and Iran grew more pronounced. Eventually, the incumbent government collapsed on 8 December 2024, following an assault by the rebel forces, plunging the country into a state of turbulence and volatility. As tensions and instability threaten the livelihoods of the Syrian people, it is imperative for the delegates of the Security Council to grapple with the aftermath of the rebellion and decide how peace must be maintained and enforced, while enabling the nation to navigate their way to long-term stability.

House of Commons of the United Kingdom
(HOC)
Order! Order! Welcome to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the lower house of the supreme legislative body of this great nation. Within the hallowed halls of the Palace of Westminster lies one of the world’s oldest legislative assemblies, and the birthplace of the Westminster system.
Being a bicameral legislature, the Parliament of the United Kingdom comprises two houses — the elected lower House of Commons, and the appointed upper House of Lords. Both play a crucial role in shaping legislation, scrutinising the government of the day, and representing the interests and voices of the British people.
As the national assembly, Parliament plays a dual role in the affairs of state. The houses have to address domestic concerns - economic growth, healthcare reform, and the quality of education — while simultaneously shaping the nation’s foreign policy, dictating relations with foreign powers, trade relations, and upholding the United Kingdom’s leadership in international diplomacy.
Amidst political uncertainty and constitutional crises, delegates will navigate the intricacies of parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy and regional divides. The United Kingdom now stands at important crossroads: delegates, tread carefully, for the future of our nation is in your hands.

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Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2018
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Two years after the 2016 referendum which withdrew the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), commonly referred to as “Brexit”, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom now stands before the daunting task of deciding on a legal framework for withdrawal.
At its core, the bill repeals the European Communities Act 1972. It ends the precedence of European Union law in the UK, and seeks to ensure legal continuity after withdrawal from the EU by simultaneously transferring existing EU legislation into domestic law. The bill also seeks to define the UK’s relation with the EU and its member states, as well as establish the UK’s place in global trade.
Originating from the Repeal Bill plan drafted by Theresa May’s government in May 2017, it now faces its Second Reading in the House of Commons, presenting an opportunity for members to amend the bill before it is voted on. Delegates must work to represent the interests of their constituents and the nation, and compromise to find consensus and a way forward, to keep the flag of the United Kingdom flying high.


Historical Crisis Committee
(HCC)
“It is better to sacrifice everything than to live in slavery” ~ Ho Chi Minh.
Saigon has been liberated. From its ashes and carnage, a starry red flag ascends, burning fiercely over the sea of bloodbath and struggle. The crimson tide of liberation surges to its triumphant crescendo as it unfurls the banners of socialism, igniting its unyielding glow across the newly unified Land of the Ascending Dragon.
Glory be to the Communist Party: A fractured vanguard, so ideologically tethered to the shadow of a vanquished foe — the conspiration amongst global powers to ensnare Vietnam in their grasp, weaving a grand design to render her a mere marionette in the ruthless theatre of imperial hegemony.
Glory be to Vietnam: A divided nation, now reborn from the scars of history — the dreams of the conquered who, still shackled beneath the scarlet ensign, long for the day they could once more take up arms in defiance against the yoke of communism.
Glory be to Asia: A schismatic region, merciless and ravenous in its thirst for power and dominance — Vietnam's neighbours collude and scheme, seeking to cage her forever.
Glory, glory be to that tattered and splintered red flag.
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4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
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For the first time in two millennia, Vietnam stood unshackled. Freed from the yoke of imperialism, she was a nation reborn, poised to carve its destiny and build the paradise she had so desperately bled for.
Yet, postwar Vietnam lay in ruins, a brutal and hopeless dystopia. The wounds of war oozed like festering sores — on the land, in the hearts of its people, into the fabric of society, and deep within the nation’s splintered soul. The countryside lay in ruin, the earth poisoned and barren, rivers choked with the debris of conflict, and the lifeblood of agriculture withered, suffocated by decades of war. Families shattered, and entire generations were lost to the unrelenting tide of a decade of carnage. Religion lies stifled, its spirit smothered beneath the crushing weight of relentless political dogma. The North and the South, bound by an uneasy unity, desperately struggle to reconcile their fractured identities and confront the lingering ghosts of their opposing ideologies. The war had ended, but in its wake, survival became the most unforgiving battle of all.
To the North, where China and the Soviet Union once stood as stalwart comrades in the Vietnamese struggle, now lies the turned backs of two colossi who are unwilling to shoulder the burden of the ruinous nation. To the West, the Khmer Rouge rises from the shadows of barbaric hunger, their bloodlust carving a trail of terror across Indochina. Another red banner unfurls, this time in the very heart of Southeast Asia, and where the world’s wary gaze has fallen. Besieged on all sides, the hefty weight of the great struggle ravaged the souls of Vietnam. Her economy teeters precariously over the yawning abyss of collapse, her citizens disillusioned, and her bleak future adrift in the tempests of disillusionment.
Blessed are the courageous, for they shall determine the verdict between futile blood and fiery red. Blessed are the unyielding, for they shall determine decree of either a workers' utopia of social equality, or the colossal gravestone of a warzone beyond hope. Blessed are the messianic, for they shall determine the theatrical production of the 4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Land of the Ascending Dragon.
We shall convene on the 31st of December, 1976, to determine our path and our fate.